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Furthermore, the hallucinatory phenomena considered most specific to schizophrenia, voices commenting and voices conversing, seem to be experienced more often as internal than external. However, our own clinical observations suggest that some of the most disturbing, negative, persistent, involving, and commanding voices are actually those experienced as inside the head. Jaspers (1962), among other early theorists (see Dening and Berrios, 1996), viewed internal hallucinations as indicative of less severe pathology than external ones, and this thinking is still reflected in some current conceptualizations of symptom severity (e.g., Haddock et al., 1999). Some patients perceive only “external” hallucinations, others only “internal”, and still others experience both types. Although always perceived as if other-generated, they may be heard as coming from some external location or from inside the head. One dimension on which the sounds and voices vary is their perceived location. The auditory hallucinations experienced by people with schizophrenia are phenomenologically diverse. The present study examined differences among patients on a dimension of one prominent symptom of schizophrenia, auditory hallucinations. Identification of discriminating symptom characteristics and configurations can contribute to delineating more homogeneous subgroups for study ( Bentall, 1993 Costello, 1992 Persons, 1986). 2011 Oct 16.Schizophrenia is heterogeneous in presentation, and differences among patients in symptom picture may well reflect differences in underlying disease processes. The simulation of hallucinations to reduce the stigma of schizophrenia: A systematic review. Further research is required to discover if there is a way of using simulated hallucination interventions that increases empathy without increasing the desire for social distance from people with mental illness.Īndo S, Clement S, Barley EA, Thornicroft G. They should therefore be used with caution. Simulated hallucinations have contradictory effects on stigma, increasing empathy but also the desire for social distance. Simulated hallucinations sometimes produced concurrent negative affect, and physical and emotional distress, but were considered a highly acceptable learning tool. Participants in the trials reported physical, cognitive and emotional discomfort. A narrative synthesis of quantitative studies was conducted, and qualitative studies were synthesised using meta-ethnography. They searched a wide range of sources and found 10 studies to include in the review. One technique is to simulate the auditory and visual hallucinations sometimes experienced by people with schizophrenia, so that everyone can get an ‘insider’s perspective’ on the condition.Ī team of researchers have now conducted a systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies that explore the impact that these simulated hallucinations have on people. Researchers have developed a number of methods to try and increase empathy and understanding about schizophrenia in the wider population. As the actress Shirley Maclaine once said:įear makes strangers of people who would be friends. Stigma can be caused by ignorance or a lack of knowledge about a disease. It’s well documented that people with severe mental health conditions such as schizophrenia, suffer from stigmatisation on a regular basis.
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